Syllabus :
Course
code: ANI……
Coure Title: Ruminant Nutrition Credit
Hours: 2 (1+1)
Full
marks: Theory:
15 Practical:
15
Objectives:
Upon the completion of this course, students
would be able to understand the modern ruminant feeding systems and the
environmental consequences of ruminant feeding and further understand its
mitigation, characterize feed types and quality chemically and biologically.
Syllabus: Importance and scope or ruminant
feeding and the value of feedstuffs. Anatomy and Physiology of Ruminant
Digestive System and grazers vs browsers. Rumen Microbial Ecosystem and
Fermentation Processes. Carbohydrate and protein nutrition. Lipids, minerals and vitamin nutrition. Measurement
of heat production and measurement of efficiency of carbohydrate and protein
feeds. Feeding standards and ration formulations. Methane mitigation and
feeding strategies and selected topics on advances in ruminant feeding.
Course breakdown:
Theory
|
S.N. |
Lecture Topics |
Credit Hours |
|
1 |
Introduction
to Ruminant Nutrition: Importance and comparison with non-ruminants |
1 |
|
2 |
Anatomy
and Physiology of Ruminant Digestive System and grazers vs browsers |
1 |
|
3 |
Rumen
Microbial Ecosystem and Fermentation Processes |
1 |
|
4 |
Carbohydrate
Nutrition and Energy Metabolism |
1 |
|
5 |
Protein
Nutrition: Degradable vs. Undegradable Protein |
1 |
|
6 |
Protein
and Energy Efficiency: Concepts and influencing factors |
1 |
|
7 |
Heat
Production and Energy Losses in Ruminants, grazing behaviors |
1 |
|
8 |
Lipid Metabolism
and its Impact on Rumen Function |
1 |
|
9 |
Mineral
and Vitamin Requirements of Ruminants |
1 |
|
10 |
Feeding
Standards: NRC, ICAR, ARC, and their application (cattle and buffaloes |
1 |
|
11 |
Ration
Formulation for large ruminants (cattle and buffaloes and breeding stocks) |
1 |
|
12 |
Ration
Formulation for small ruminants (sheep and goat and breeding stocks) |
1 |
|
13 |
Methane
Emission from Ruminants: Mechanism and quantification and Recent strategies
for Methane Mitigation and Sustainable Feeding |
1 |
|
14 |
Feeding for meat and meat quality and
reproductive efficiency |
1 |
|
15 |
Recent
Advances in Ruminant Nutrition (e.g., bypass nutrients, probiotics,
inhibitors) |
1 |
Practical
|
SN |
Topics |
Hours |
|
1 |
Estimation
of fiber fractions (NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose and hemicellulose) |
1 |
|
2 |
Determination
of digestibility and intake, TDN, DE, ME, NE) and calculation of relative
feed quality and relative feed indices |
1 |
|
3 |
Calculation
of protein and energy efficiency in ruminant diets |
1 |
|
4 |
Measurement
of heat production: open and closed-circuit systems |
1 |
|
5 |
Estimation
or modeling of methane emission from ruminants |
1 |
|
6 |
Manual
ration computation for cattle and buffaloes, and breeding bulls |
1 |
|
7 |
Manual
ration computation for small ruminants and their categories |
1 |
|
8 |
Use of
feed formulation software |
1 |
|
9 |
Case
study: Feeding strategies and their impact on emissions and efficiency |
1 |
|
10 |
Farm
visit: Observation of practical feeding and mitigation practices |
1 |
|
11 |
Viva
Voce, record submission, and feedback session |
1 |
|
12 |
Exercise on feed preparation and chopping
practices for dry and productive animals, use |
1 |
|
13 |
Preparation
of hay and silage and determination of
physical and chemical characteristics |
1 |
|
14 |
Field
work: preparation of urea molasses mineral block and molasses/urea liquid
feeding |
1 |
|
15 |
Improvement
of raw feed by: soaking in water, molasses and urea treatment |
1 |
Text books:
Mondal.
(2020). Textbook Of Ruminant Nutrition. NEW INDIA PUBLISHING AGENCY
(NIPA).
Pond, W.
G., Church, D. B., Pond, K. R., & Schoknecht, P. A. (2004). Basic
Animal Nutrition and Feeding. John Wiley & Sons.
Reddy, D.
V. (2020). Advanced Animal Nutrition. Oxford & IBH Publishing
Company.
Reference books:
NRC (National Research Council). 2021. Nutrient
requirements of dairy cattle. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering,
and Medicine, USA.
NRC (National
Research Council). 2007. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants:
Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11654.
Garnsworthy,
P. C., Haresign, W., & Cole, D. J. A. (2013). Recent Advances in Animal
Nutrition. Nottingham University Press.
Orskov, E.
R. (Ed.). (2012). Energy Nutrition in Ruminants. Springer Science
& Business Media.
Makkar, H. P., & Vercoe, P. E. (Eds.). (2007). Measuring Methane Production from Ruminants. Dordrecht, Springer,The Netherlands,
Final Practical Exam
Level: B.V. SC. & A.H.
Subject: Ruminant Nutrition
Time: 45 min,
Semester: 3rd Sem.
PM: 15
PM: 8
Attempt all questions
A cow weighing 400 kg produces 20 kg of milk per day. Calculate the feed requirement on DM basis, for that cow.
Discuss the difference between NRC and ARC feeding standards.
State in short, the feeds and nutritional requirements for breeding bulls.
What are relative feed quality and relative feed value? Discuss their significance in ruminant feeding.
Discuss the role of micro minerals in the reproductive health of ruminants.
Compare the DM requirements of a cattle and a goat for maintenance. Which species is more efficient in terms of DM requirement?
Final Question :
